News: the example of Argentine civil mediation
Approssimandosi l'entrata in vigore della mediazione civile, pubblico un estratto di un mio lungo studio (*) sulla mediazione in Argentina , unica nazione al mondo in cui la mediazione civile sia obbligatoria dal 1995 e dove è stato raggiunto il notevole risultato di un 50% di controversie risolte appunto con la mediazione, senza ricorrere al Giudice:
"Il modello argentino e quello italiano della mediazione civile partono dallo stesso presupposto fattuale: la profonda crisi della giustizia civile in entrambi gli ordinamenti, che richiedeva imperiosamente urgenti provvedimenti strutturali di riorganizzazione e riforma endoprocedurale ed extraprocessuale ed un cambio della mentalità comune di approccio all’ammini-strazione della giustizia sia nell’opinione pubblica degli utenti, sia nei comportamenti e nelle abitudini degli operatori, magistrati, avvocati ed ausiliari: l’eccesso di litigiosità, la farraginosità dei procedimenti, l’enorme carico di cause pendenti, il dilatarsi progressivo dei tempi, la rigidità formale impermeabile the socio-political and economic changes had produced a real paralysis , converting in denial of justice, with heavy consequences on people's daily lives and in the competitive and orderly production and trade.
The need to deflate the courts and to make reasonable duration of trials then fatally influence on legislators of both countries for the procurement of alternative means for dispute resolution, identified in mandatory civil mediation: a scelta coraggiosa e lungimirante che, nel caso dell’Argentina, si è rivelata vincente ed esportabile. Proprio in tal senso si esprimeva nell’agosto 2004 Alejandro Marcelo Nató : “la mediazione è nata in Argentina con la legge 24.572 di mediazione e conciliazione da un lato per decomprimere la giustizia, dall’altro per instaurare un cambio di cultura. Siamo molto vicini all’obiettivo primigenio, che era quello di deflazionare la giustizia. Di fatto, l’Argentina sta già esportando accademicamente nel mondo modalità di approccio ai conflitti. Ossia, esportiamo conflittività, ma siamo anche all’avanguardia sui modi di affrontare i conflitti. Per esempio, siamo molto avanti nella risoluzione di conflitti pubblici e nell’ambito della mediazione pregiudiziale le statistiche sono buone”. Rimarcava Nató: “attualmente, più del 30% dei casi si risolve al di fuori dell’ambito giurisdizionale, una percentuale tutt’altro che disprezzabile. Un’avanzata importante per consolidare l’istituto; ogni giorno in cui la mediazione progredisce, osserviamo che ogni volta c’è una maggior volontà di accordarsi per dirimere le liti in via pregiudiziale” . L’ obbligatorietà della mediazione, quindi, sulla scorta dell’esperienza argentina, appare un discreto viatico per l’avvìo della riforma in Italia, insieme all’altro, non trascurabile elemento psicologico, l’auspicato cambio di mentalità e di cultura: v’è da auspicare che, come nel Sud America, la radicalità della scelta si tramuti in effettivo beneficio.
La durata del procedimento mediators is different in the two cases: four months not be extended, in Italy; two months, but extended on the agreement of the parties, in Argentina, the Italian rigidity is more consistent and gives a look of assurance to the institute, to ensure that it is perceived as a further barrier to access to justice, yet another chore tax users to complicate a situation in itself already asphyxiated.
Because mediation is designed as a tool to save time, the voluntary extension permitted under Argentine law plays a demoralizing the credibility of the institution and its inherent ability to avoid the time delay, a strict time frame, also have an impact on the organization of the mediation itself and inspires all who are involved (the parties, brokers, consultants, ancillary ) to an adequate commitment to meet deadlines imposed and not deferred.
How to training of mediators, the educational bodies and the bodies mediation, the similarities are prevalent.
quite different, however, qualify for the mediator: in both nations must follow a preparatory course at a profit, but in Argentina, mediation is reserved for lawyers (provided exhibitors from at least three years), in Italy is extended to anyone who belongs to a professional board or society and those who have graduated at least three years.
The rule appears argentina limiting and restrictive: while it is true that the mediators procedure requires a good knowledge of legal institutions ( obvious prerequisite to a lawyer), is not sustainable that only legal to have an appropriate professional; infatti – almeno per alcuni tipi di conflitti – la conoscenza delle norme commerciali, di mercato, della produzione può agevolare la conduzione della mediazione e fomentare l’accordo, poiché il mediatore parla stessa lingua dei contendenti e ne meglio comprende finalità, esigenze (e spesso anche le riserve mentali).
In tal senso, commercialisti, architetti, ingegneri, medici – quantomeno per gli affari che rientrino nelle loro attitudini professionali o nell’ambito di una seria specializzazione – potrebbero svolgere una funzione utile e competente e possedere le nozioni giuridiche sufficienti.
The standard Italian, by contrast, is far too liberal and inconsistent , because it allows access to the profession as a mediator to a huge audience of aspirants, who were recruited on the basis of a mere three-year degree also completely alien substances in the legal culture, a training course of fifty hours solver is not the panacea for the necessary expertise, so that the system seems to be the nucleus for affected by the risk of poor reliability and credibility of many mediators improvised or looking for a future career. Only experience will be applied to verify whether these fears are excessive or justified, certainly, the number of discards requests approval of the minutes for the enforceability of conciliation by the Presidents of the Courts for errors of law or opposition to mandatory rules (see art. 12 of Legislative Decree no. 28/2010) will be significant for the substantive and statistical considerations.
In yet to entrust a key role to the group of lawyers in their capacity of legal practitioners, the Argentine law provides that the parties are required to assisted by a lawyer in the proceeding mediators, the Italian provision says nothing about it, so that legal assistance is voluntary and the parties may appear personally and without counsel. This is a decision that has provoked strong criticism and resistance nell'avvocatura Italian, who has seen an attempt to mortification of the legal profession and the risk of mediations carried out in a superficial and uninformed.
Indeed, the presence of the lawyer appears useful to achieve a settlement legally impeccable, his technical skills can be indispensable for the retrieval and facilitation of settlement solutions and perfectly legitimate, and to respect the constitutional provisions concerning the right of defense as inviolable requirement of the 2nd paragraph of ' art. 24 of the Constitution of the Republic.
If issues bagatellari the lawyer may be considered superfluous, as is true with issues beyond the economic value, may invest delicate problems law and require specific expertise and professional (hard to find in that mediators are not lawyers, as is allowed by Italian law).
In this sense, it is desirable that the Italian law be promptly amended to make mandatory legal assistance in the mediation of greater importance and complexity, the result could be achieved with the prediction a minimum threshold value of the dispute beyond which the presence of the defendant is technically required; forecast not unknown to the Italian, who knows the law in force in the examples (see art. 82, paragraph 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, where it is expected that "before the justice of the peace the parties may represent himself in court in cases where the value does not exceed € 516.46) : a reasonable and easily extensible .
Another notable difference - this time of legislative technique - lies in the detailed identification of materials that mediation is mandatory:
§ the Italian legislature has listed a series of disputes under the obligation (Article 5, paragraph 1., a condition of admissibility, Leg. cit.), though not without ambiguity and difficulty hermeneutics;
§ the Argentine legislature instead told general compulsory mediation, listing a series of exhaustively and organic materials that, exceptionally and for obvious reasons (inalienable rights, public interest), are subtracted to that obligation .
The choice of Argentina is far preferable, both for the sake of clarity (the generic list of matters subject to mediation under the Italian legislation will soon be the subject of arguments of interpretation, as we have seen in the first comments doctrinaire), both for the organic and systematic nature of the new institute, recently extended by the 2010 reform of Argentina also in family mediation as a further signal of resolve to create a new overall order of justice, based on two pillars alternative and potentially equivalent and reliable:
§ mediation prejuicial , informal, quick, compositional, innovative, pro bono et aequo ;
§ jurisdiction properly so called, the formal decision-makers, traditional secundum ius.
The two systems are ontologically to be competitive, to ensure the effectiveness of competition, the compulsory mediation is a prerequisite, since the jurisdiction ab imis, has imperative, compulsory decreases and allows the use of judges, among other things, the satisfaction more quickly, if not immediate interests of the parties to encourage them to spread among the citizens of the principle of practical experience for self and self-responsibility.
Even if unsuccessful, mediation allows litigants to be more aware of their rights and have a more realistic and less aggressive decidendum thema: a result minimum, perhaps, but involving the opening of a dialogue and unexpected communication channels before the commencement of trial.
Another noticeable difference is that Italian mediation is essentially entrusted to private bodies (with which only the parties have a direct relationship), while in Argentina stands out purely private mediation from Oficio for how to choose the mediator in the case of a ballot choice entrusted (sorteo) by the registrars of the courts of lists of registered brokers, there is indeed a character of greater publicity and be impartial: in this sense can be explained as statistics show that mediation Oficio reaches 62% of success, against 40% of private mediations ; probably the ' makes it official authoritative mediators and more reliable procedure, because in a nascent Court.
The standard Italian, however, could not disregard the disastrous situation of the clerks of the courts, which hardly could have been loaded with new tasks.
In conclusion, the comparison with the large and long experience in Argentina leads confidence in the success of the new institute introduced into Italian law by the Legislative Decree Law of 4 March 2010, No 28: a revolution possible, to reach, through the ancestral that quarrelsome and aggressive spirit in the faculty - perhaps the most difficult psychologically, but more convenient in practical terms - a shared management of the conflict, indicative of the consolidation disputes, social peace and to raise indirect a civic spirit that everywhere we complain about lack of the distinctive characteristics of Italian.
By some measures, borrowed from the example of Argentina, on which we focused above the new system could be even more compelling and attractive "(*). a new section of substance chart and immediate: an impression, a lightning
, fact, more often than semi-serious, ironic and / or sarcastic, without too many words, that - if possible - make them smile, because
"laughing punishment mores"
(or, in the intentions, I try)
.
I joined the lightning
files, the exotic, lemon juice, which unites freshness and acidity ...
Thank you for
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